The International Energy Agency (IEA) reports that the aviation industry was responsible for 2.5% of global energy-related CO2 emissions in 2023, highlighting the need for significant changes in fuel sources. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) emerges as a leading solution, with its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 70-80% compared to traditional jet fuel. Boeing's regional director emphasized the importance of expanding sustainable aviation fuel production to achieve Net Zero targets by 2050. SAF offers not just environmental benefits but also economic advantages for Australia by reducing dependence on imported jet fuel. SAF's characteristics closely resemble conventional jet fuel, facilitating its integration without modifications to aircraft infrastructure. However, challenges such as higher production costs and limited availability hinder widespread adoption. Collaboration efforts like the NSW Powerfuel Including Hydrogen Network focus on developing local e-SAF industries to support deep emissions cuts. Various SAF types, including Bio-SAF from organic sources and e-SAF combining CO2 and hydrogen, aim to revolutionize aviation sustainability. Despite the promise of SAF, challenges like feedstock limitations exist. Bio-SAF, derived from biological materials, faces constraints in meeting future demand due to limited raw materials. The commercial viability of HEFA technology, a prevalent SAF production method, is demonstrated by Virgin Australia's HEFA blend deal. Models suggest that bio-SAF feedstock might only fulfill half of the SAF needed to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, necessitating innovations like e-SAF to diversify fuel sources and bolster sustainability in air travel.