Water electrolysis for hydrogen production is pivotal for achieving carbon neutrality and transitioning to green hydrogen energy. Technologies like alkaline water electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, anion exchange membrane electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis are key for this transition. Challenges such as high temperatures impacting SOEC and cost inefficiencies in PEM electrolysis are highlighted. Research targets optimization and improvement strategies for these technologies. A study on membrane perforation in alkaline electrolyzers demonstrated that after perforation, hydrogen-oxygen mixing significantly increases, emphasizing the need for high-load operation for safety. The study provides insights into evaluating explosion risks and offers guidance for improving flow field design and fault detection strategies in electrolytic cells. Advancements in hydrogen production technologies are essential for a successful global energy transition towards carbon neutrality.